Catalysis of Enzymes

In order to carry out various life activities, the organism must obtain energy and produce new substances needed for its growth. By ingesting nutrients, organisms produce energy through decomposition; or produce new substances through synthesis. In organisms, nutrition molecules participate in various decomposition and synthesis reactions, collectively known as metabolism.

Any substance has more or less energy. When a substance changes through a chemical reaction, it will take a long time to complete under the condition of no external force. This long-term reaction is not enough to maintain life activity of the organism. Therefore, organisms have developed a set of metabolic pathways that can quickly generate energy and synthesize new substances, that is, each metabolic reaction pathway needs the help of “enzymes” in order to complete it quickly. Enzyme is a protein that catalyzes the reaction. Because each enzyme molecule has its special structure, each enzyme can only catalyze specific substrates. This enzyme’s specificity for receptors is much like the relationship between a lock and a key. Enzymes are usually named according to their specificity for receptors. For example, enzymes that break down starch are called amylase.

Since enzyme is a kind of protein, all factors that can affect protein will also affect enzyme, such as temperature and pH. Any enzyme has its most suitable temperature range. Within this range, the catalytic activity of the enzyme increases with increasing temperature, but if the temperature is higher or lower than the appropriate temperature range, the enzyme activity will decrease. When the temperature is too high (about greater than 60-70 ° C), the enzyme structure will be destroyed, so that the enzyme activity will be completely lost; on the contrary, if the temperature is too low, the enzyme will lose its activity, and this activity can be restored by the temperature rise. In addition, each enzyme also has its own suitable pH, for example, pepsin is suitable for acidic environment, trypsin is suitable for weak alkaline environment, but most enzymes work best in neutral solution.

Summary of enzymes:

The function of enzymes produced by the organism

Organisms synthesize proteins, some of which help metabolism, called enzymes.

Metabolism includes decomposition and synthesis of substances.

When enzymes help break down reactions, nutrients are broken down and energy is produced.

When enzymes help the synthesis reaction, different substances will be synthesized into new substances, providing growth and development.

Enzymes help metabolism

An enzyme can only help one metabolic reaction. For example, lipase only helps digest fat.

When the enzyme is decomposed, the enzyme first forms an enzyme-substance complex with the reactive substance before the substance can be decomposed into a decomposed substance.

When enzymes synthesize, enzymes first form enzyme-substance complexes with different reactive substances. Different reactive substances can be synthesized into new substances, called complexes.

Whether it helps the decomposition reaction or the synthesis reaction, the enzyme will not change the properties, and can continue to repeat the metabolism.

Enzymes are affected by temperature and pH

The ability of enzymes to assist in metabolic processes is called enzyme activity.

During metabolic reactions, changes in temperature and pH in the environment will affect enzyme activity.

Each enzyme can only be active in a certain range of suitable temperature and pH environment.

If the temperature is lower than appropriate, the enzyme will lose its activity, but the enzyme activity can be restored after increasing the temperature.

If the temperature is higher than appropriate, the enzyme will be destroyed and its activity will be completely lost. Moreover, it cannot be recovered after the temperature is lowered.

Generally, enzymes have the best activity when they are neutral, slightly acidic or alkaline; if they are too acidic or alkaline, the enzymes will lose their activity.

Detailed Introduction to the Functions and Roles of Enzymes

Catalysis

Enzymes are a class of biological catalysts. They govern many catalytic processes such as metabolism, nutrition, and energy conversion of organisms. Most of the reactions closely related to life processes are enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

These properties of the enzyme enable the intricate process of material metabolism in the cell to proceed in an orderly manner, and to adapt material metabolism to normal physiological functions. If an enzyme is defective due to genetic defects, or the enzyme activity is weakened by other reasons, it can cause an abnormal reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, disturb the metabolism of the substance, and even cause disease. Therefore, the enzyme is closely related to medicine.

Enzymes enable the human body to digest and absorb nutrients in food, and maintain all internal organ functions including: cell repair, anti-inflammatory detoxification, metabolism, improve immunity, generate energy, and promote blood circulation. For example, when the rice is chewed in the mouth, the longer the chewing time, the more obvious the sweet taste is. The starch in the rice is hydrolyzed to maltose by the action of the salivary amylase secreted by the mouth. Therefore, chewing more during meals can fully mix food with saliva, which is good for digestion. In addition, there are many hydrolytic enzymes in the human body such as pepsin and trypsin. The protein that the human body ingests from food must be hydrolyzed into amino acids under the action of pepsin, etc. Then, under the action of other enzymes, more than 20 amino acids required by the human body are selected, and the proteins required by the adult body are reassembled in a certain order.

Disease diagnosis

With the in-depth study of enzymes, complex enzymes rich in high-concentration SOD have played an increasingly significant role in disease conditioning. The enzyme activity of normal human body is relatively stable. When certain organs and tissues of the human body are damaged or disease occurs, some enzymes are released into blood, urine or body fluids. Such as acute pancreatitis, serum and urine amylase activity is significantly increased; hepatitis and other causes of liver damage, hepatocyte necrosis or enhanced permeability, a large amount of transaminase is released into the blood, and serum transaminase is elevated; Serum lactate dehydrogenase and phosphocreatine kinase were significantly increased. When organophosphorus pesticides cause poisoning, cholinesterase activity is inhibited, and serum cholinesterase activity is decreased; in certain hepatobiliary diseases, especially bile duct obstruction, serum r-glutamyl transmutase is increased and so on. Therefore, by measuring the activity of enzymes in blood, urine or body fluids, we can determine the occurrence and development of certain diseases.

Clinical treatment

Enzyme therapy has gradually been recognized. Various enzyme preparations are becoming more and more common in clinical applications, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, which can catalyze the breakdown of proteins. This principle has been used in surgical expansion, purulent wound purification, and the treatment of thorax and abdominal serous adhesions. In the treatment of thrombophlebitis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary infarction and diffuse intravascular coagulation, plasmin, streptokinase, urokinase, etc. can be applied to dissolve blood clots and prevent the formation of thrombus.

Some compound natural enzymes, based on high-unit SOD enzymes, can not only be used for the adjuvant treatment of important organs such as the brain, heart, liver, and kidney, but also have achieved significant results in the use of tumors. In addition, it also uses the principle of competitive inhibition of enzymes to synthesize some chemical drugs for antibacterial, bactericidal and antitumor treatments. For example, enzymes and spleen and kidney have better conditioning on infertility and other issues. And sulfa drugs and many antibiotics can inhibit the enzymes necessary for the growth of certain bacteria, so they have bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects; many anti-tumor drugs can inhibit the enzymes related to nucleic acid or protein synthesis in cells, thereby inhibiting tumor cells. Differentiation and proliferation to counteract the growth of tumors; thiouracil can inhibit iodinase, which affects the synthesis of thyroxine, so it can be used to treat hyperthyroidism and so on.

Production and living

Yeasts used in the brewing industry are produced by related microorganisms. The role of enzymes converts starch and other processes into alcohol through hydrolysis, oxidation and other processes. The production of soy sauce and vinegar is also completed under the action of enzymes. Feeds treated with amylase and cellulase have improved nutritional value; adding enzymes to laundry powder can increase the efficiency of the laundry powder, making sweat stains that were difficult to remove easily removed.

Due to the wide application of enzymes, the extraction and synthesis of enzymes has become an important research topic. Enzymes can be extracted from organisms, such as bromelain from pineapple skin. However, due to the low content of enzymes in the body, a large number of enzymes in the industry are produced by microbial fermentation. Generally, under appropriate conditions, the required strains are selected and allowed to propagate to obtain a large number of enzyme preparations. In addition, people are studying the artificial synthesis of enzymes. In short, with the improvement of scientific level, the application of enzymes will have very broad prospects.

Why Do You Need to See an Endodontist?

Toothaches can be hard to bear, particularly when it is caused due to severe infection. In addition to toothache, if you are experiencing sensitivity to hot and cold food, it is time to visit an endodontist. It is wise to seek the professional assistance of endodontists rather than general dentists as they specialize in techniques that save your natural teeth. These specialists focus on dental treatment related to the soft tissues inside the tooth.

An endodontist performs endodontic surgeries and root canal treatment to save the natural teeth if possible. Some of the most important reasons to visit an endodontist in Springfield are as follows.

Comfortable

Root canal procedures can be painful, and endodontists are experts in handling such complicated procedures. They have the right kind of training, specialization, and tools to ensure that the procedure is painless and comfortable. They are also trained to handle complex issues of the tooth roots and dental injuries.

Different kinds of anesthesia

As root canal treatments are painful, it is important to administer the proper dose of anesthesia. An endodontist has the expertise in numbing specific areas of the tooth before performing root canal procedures. Some of the endodontists also provide sedation, which tranquilizes the patients completely until the procedure is over. A trained and experienced practitioner provides a range of sedation options which is important during complex root canal procedures.

Saves severely damaged teeth

An endodontist is trained enough to preserve even the most severely damaged teeth through various dental treatments. Preserving your natural teeth is essential for your oral health. While most dentists suggest tooth extractions for the decayed and damaged tooth, an endodontist uses his skills to save the tooth with root canal treatments, dental implants, and so forth.

Specialized treatment

Endodontists in Springfield use specialized techniques and state-of-the-art equipment to save your natural teeth. Visiting an endodontist for emergency care during a dental trauma is beneficial as there are higher chances of saving the tooth. These professionals provide specialized care, as they are experts in diagnosing dental pain. They are also experienced in performing dental surgeries on the inner tissues of the tooth. Specialized treatment allows the patients to heal quickly which is one of the biggest advantages of obtaining care from an endodontist.

Endodontists suggest root canal treatment only when it is necessary and not otherwise. However, the treatment must be done if there is an infection, and your dentist suggests a root canal. The dental infection causes pain and it must be treated immediately. Otherwise, a simple toothache will exacerbate into a serious health issue. As an endodontist use modern technologies and equipment, the treatment is relatively more comfortable and successful.

Advantages of Investing in a Jigsaw Massager for Deep Tissue Massage

If you have experienced a good tissue massage and its benefits, there are higher chances that you have included in your daily routine for muscle recovery and stress relief. Among athletes, deep tissue massage is very popular, and when using a jigsaw massager fitted with a deep-tissue massage head, it could take your muscle recovery and relaxation to a whole new level. So, how deep tissue massage is important for your body. Generally, this type of massage is done by applying pressure with slow strokes to reach beyond the surface layers of muscle and fascia. Fascia is the thin tissue layer that protects every organ, nerve fiber, bone and muscle fiber in the body. It is an important connective tissue and when there is an occurrence of fascial imbalance, it leads to problems such as the feeling of constricted tightness, limited ranges of motion and chronic pain. When having a deep tissue massage, you can cure quads, lower back pain, tight hamstrings, stiff necks and upper back pain. Now, we will discuss some benefits of investing in a jigsaw massager.

Full body relief and Convenience

In the comfort of your own space such as at home or hotel or anywhere, by using this massager you will be experiencing a full-body relief. The massager presses directly into sore spots and large knots for loosening them while it stimulates the blood flow for a deep tissue massage, and after the massage, you will have an amazing feeling.

Rather than waiting for a long period for your next appointment for massage therapy or chiropractor, it is wise to buy a massager. It not only provides an impressive return on your investment, but you can also able to save hundreds or thousands on monthly treatments. You can operate the jigsaw massager by using a cordless charger so that you can easily use it anywhere and can able to use it on every part of your body to get relief.

Best Companion for Travelers and reduce your stress levels

When you are traveling, you may experience certain pain in your body. This massager comes with a lightweight, durable carry case with foam sections that protect every component which is perfect while you are traveling. Now you can easily get relief from your tired feet, knots, pains, and ache but moving the massager on the body.

The massager also helps in improving oxygen and blood circulation that lowers body pain, promotes deeper breathing, thereby reducing your anxiety and stress levels.

Different speeds and rehabilitation applications

Pain levels always vary, that is the reason the massager comes with six variable speed options which include a 2600 rpm setting. By putting on the body, you are bound to experience deep and satisfying relief.

Are you recovering from injury or surgery? Percussion therapy helps in speeding up the rehabilitation procedure. The contractions caused by the massager helps to strengthen the muscles, increases lymphatic and venous circulation, speed up the healing time, and treats muscle spasms as well as stiff joints.